Lamport’s derivation of Paxos illustrates this beautifully. He begins with the simplest specification of consensus: chosen starts as the empty set and transitions to a singleton {v}. That is the entire next-state formula. He then refines to a voting algorithm where acceptors vote and a value is chosen if a majority votes for it, and refines further to Paxos to handle the problems that arise (what if N acceptors vote for v1, N for v2, and the remaining acceptor fails?). At each refinement step, the guards become more local. In Paxos, the guard for whether an acceptor should cast a vote depends on local knowledge: what ballots this acceptor has participated in. The monotonic structure of ballot numbers ensures that this local knowledge does not become invalid: once an acceptor knows something about the progress of voting, that fact is permanent. This is what makes Paxos work despite asynchrony and failures.
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在 Promise 技术刚兴起、Promises/A+ 规范尚在制定阶段时，具有函数式编程背景的开发者曾提议引入单子与范畴论的概念。这一提议引发了激烈争论，双方立场截然对立，各自坚信自身观点的正确性，难以理解对方的立场。过去我通常支持规范制定者拒绝该提案，但最近在实际开发中遇到了需要反向操作的情况，这促使我重新审视自己的立场。